• Falling and precipitation can result in injuries when the body impacts a rough surface. The height, weight of the body, and propulsion are factors that influence the severity of the injuries.
• Falls can occur during rest, walking, or running, and can be caused by endogenous factors (such as diseases associated with loss of consciousness) or exogenous factors (such as external kinetic force and precipitating factors like humidity or obstacles).
• Injuries from falls can vary depending on whether the person is conscious or unconscious at the time of impact. They can range from superficial injuries to serious injuries, including head trauma, internal hemorrhage, and various other lesions.
• Characteristics of fall injuries include being located in one plane and primarily affecting protruding parts of the body.
• Forensic expertise aims to examine the victim's injuries, intrinsic causes, and the timing of injuries. It also involves assessing the features of the terrain and determining the nature of the fall.

• Car accidents involving pedestrians:
• Mechanisms of injuries: hitting, projection, dragging, run over
• Hitting and projection mechanism: contact between a moving vehicle and an immobile or semi-mobile pedestrian, resulting in hitting and projection injuries
• Projection-dragging-run over mechanism: multiple injuries with bone involvement
• Hitting-basculation-projection injuries: occur at speeds below 40 km/h and involve hitting, basculation (often on the car bonnet), and projection
• Car accidents involving passengers:
• Motorcycle accidents: injuries from propulsion or collision with another vehicle and subsequent projection
• Unoccupied truck accidents: falls or falls with compression, such as overturning the car and trapping the victim underneath
• Covered vehicle accidents: collisions, skidding, and overturning resulting in impact and compression injuries
• Lesions in accidents involving tire-free vehicles (metal wheel i.e. train):
• Dragging plus falling: injuries from dragging and transporting the body at great distances
• Running over: frequently leads to limb or anatomical segment amputation

1. Entrance wound:
• inward edges
• Lack of substances
• Metalization ring (black)
• Contusion ring
• Print ring
2. Channel
3. Exit wound
• irregular stellate
• outward edges

1. Gasses
2. Flame
3. Soot
4. Powder

1. Hunting weapon → the more distance the more dispersion
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• Distance less than 0.5 m: unique orifice (pellets)
• Distance between 0.5 - 2.5 m: large central orifice and several small lateral holes
• Distance between 2.5 - 5 m: numerous small, multiple orifices
• Distance between 5 - 10 m: many holes with a distance of 1 cm between them and a dispersion area of 15 - 20 cm²
• Distance over 10 m: many holes with a distance of 2 cm between them and a dispersion area of 20-40 cm²
• Distance 50 m: dispersion area of 1 m
2. Compressed air / Co2 weapon
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Use compressed air or carbon dioxide to project small metal projectiles (usually 4-5 mm) with low effects. They have a range of 5 to 15 meters. Forensic examination is required for eye injuries or facial wounds with aesthetic effects.

3. Gasses arms (tear gas) → max 5m
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💬

Includes pistols or revolvers that utilize gasses with irritant or tear effects as ammunition. The gas action is limited to a few meters, with the useful effect considered to be up to 5 meters. Forensic expertise is usually required for the examination of chemical burn injuries or irritation to the craniofacial extremity of the victim.

4. Sawed-off gun → Øperpendicular penetration (all lateral surface → larger entrance wound)
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Sawed-off shotgun: Used for concealment purposes. Modifies ballistic reports as the bullet lacks perpendicular penetration, resulting in a large entrance wound that exceeds the size of the bullet. Multiple tissue ruptures occur. The channel exhibits irregularities, and the secondary factors have a more intense effect.

5. Special bullets → explosive + incendiary
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• Explosive bullets
• They create a large entrance wound with significant tissue loss.
• The channel formed by these bullets contains metallic particles and may have secondary channels.
• Incendiary bullets cause burn injuries at the entrance wound.
• The wound may smoke due to the burning effect.

• Injuries depend on the aggressor's force, the injured region, and the victim's reactivity.
• Two types of traumatic mechanisms:
• Compressing: Manual strangulation or choking, resulting in ecchymosis, laterocervical abrasions, and abrasions around the nostrils and mouth.
• Direct striking: Serious injuries are not usually performed, but can lead to various types of trauma depending on the affected area:
• Craniocerebral trauma: Bruises, hematomas, visceral cranium wounds, undepressed linear fractures, meningeal hemorrhages.
• Thorax trauma: Contusions, rib fractures.
• Abdominal trauma: Contusions, rupture of organs, hitting in the solar plexus can lead to death by inhibition.
• Particular types of trauma: Traumatic shock, chin hitting leading to a fracture mediated to the base of the skull.
• Maxillofacial associated trauma: Oral cavity injuries, blunt wounds, dental fractures, fractures of the nasal bone, fractures of the superior jaw, fractures of the mandible, fractures of the malar bone and temporo-zygomatic arch
• Consequences of blows made with the fist or palm:
• Lesions such as ecchymoses, excisions, and hematomas
• Rare cranial or rib fractures
• Diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhages by breaking a cerebral aneurysm
• Death by inhibition when punching in regions like the carotid sinus, precordial, or solar plexus
• Organ breaks (cavities, parenchymatous) when fist punches are applied to the abdomen. Absence of blood infiltration in the abdominal muscles, which exists around the spine or in the mesentery

• Injuries are of higher intensity (compared to palm+fist)
• Injuries applied to the skull can result in severe craniocerebral lesions, such as linear or dehiscent fractures with depressed skull fractures.
• The mechanisms of craniocerebral lesions include
• direct strikes,
• hits over a fixed head leading to fractures on the fixed portion or cranial base
• compression of the head on a rough plane causing bipolar lesions.
• Hits applied to other parts of the body can result in:
• Neck: Closed injuries from direct impact or compression, potentially leading to death by inhibition or mechanical asphyxia.
• Thorax: Rib fractures occurring on a plane, sometimes with visceral affections.
• Abdomen: Contusions and organ ruptures, potentially leading to death through inhibition of the solar plexus or testicles. A variant is repeated kicks followed by compression (trample), causing thoraco-abdominal trauma with rib fractures and visceral ruptures.

• Interest areas not covered by clothes
• Lesions: bruises, abrasions, bite wounds, amputation of anatomical segments
• Dental imprint reconstruction possibility
• Animal bites: any body part, varying depth, specific features based on animal type
• Classification of bites according to the mechanism:
• Broken bite: Skin damage achieved by compression with frontal-incisive and canine teeth of both jaws. The movement of the teeth on the surface of the skin results in the skin being taken off by depositing the cells on the lingual surface of the teeth of the aggressor. These biting injuries occur more frequently in self-defense.
• Tuck bite: A suction of the oral cavity occurs. The movement of the teeth on the skin folds causes the epidermis to be taken off and the cells to be deposited on the side of the teeth of the aggressor. Such bites appear in sexual assaults.
• Mixed bites: Appear in compression associated with suction. The action of the teeth can be static, when the teeth execute a perpendicular compression on the surface of the skin and the biting part of the body is immobile, or dynamic, when the teeth act at a sharp angle and the biting part of the body is moving, with a sliding of the teeth on the surface of the skin. In this case, the traces of the teeth are more pronounced, allowing the aggressor to be identified.
• On flat tissue surfaces (cheeks), the bite mark can be described as small erythematous zones that disappear within minutes to hours, or as blunt lesions (bruises, abrasions, tissue laceration), or punctured wounds produced by canines.
• Action on a prominent body segment (nose, toe, nipple, etc.) can cause amputation of the segment. The scars after healing have aspects depending on the tooth: elongated (incisive), round (produced by canines), square or rectangular (premolars or molars).

• Blood has a red-carmine (pinkish) color that can be seen in skin, muscles, and organs (lividities).
• Accidental intoxications are more frequent, followed by suicide.
• CO intoxication in the domestic environment should be distinguished from CO2 intoxication (in case of fermentations in closed rooms) or intoxications with other toxic gases like H2S.

• Local irritative: Provoking irritation in a specific area.
• Capilarotoxic: Causing toxicity in the capillaries.
• Demyelinating: Inducing damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers.
• Hepatobiliary degenerative: Resulting in degeneration of the liver and biliary system.

• GI: n/v, diarrhea, dehydration
• hepatorenal failure
• precordial pain
• non-purulent rashes
• toxic shock
• cerebral hemorrhagic edema → coma
• Morphopathological findings:
• Edemo-hemorrhagic & necrotic gastroenteritis
• Degenerative hepatorenal lesions
• Mucosal hemorrhages

chronic arsenic intox is similar to chronic gastroduodenitis

• Digestive Symptoms:
• Mucosal lesions with intense pain
• Vomiting with exfoliation of digestive mucous membranes
• Cramps
• Bloody stools
• Perforation with peritonitis, shock, and death
• Long complication: Digestive stenosis
• Pulmonary Symptoms
• Hyperventilation with acidosis to pulmonary edema
• Dyspnea
• Laryngeal edema and death through asphyxia
• Others
• Hemolysis with oligo/anuria and hemoglobinuria
• Hemolytic jaundice in the liver
• Hypocalcemia
• Neuro-muscular convulsions
• Renal colitis with oligo/anuria
• Clotting disorders to hemorrhage

• Morphopathological findings:
• Corrosive lesions externally in the form of eschars
• Different stains in the skin
• Lesions of cerebral hyperemia
• Acute pulmonary edema
• Necrosis and hepatic degeneration

• Group I: Extremely toxic, with LD50 below 50 mg/kg (marked in red on the packaging)
• Group II: Powerfully toxic, with LD50 between 50-200 mg/kg (marked in green on the packaging)
• Group III: Moderately toxic, with LD50 between 200-1000 mg/kg (marked in blue on the packaging)
• Group IV: Reduced toxicity, with LD50 over 1000 mg/kg (marked in black on the packaging)

• Organophosphorus pesticide
• Blocks cholinesterase, leading to acetylcholine accumulation
• Symptoms
• “Acetylcholine-like”: myositis, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, salivation with bronchial hypersecretion and pulmonary edema, sweating, bradycardia with collapsing tendency,
• “Nicotinic-like”: muscle cramps, muscle fibrillation, tonic-clonic seizures

• Symptoms occur after a 10-20-hour latency period
• 🍤Gastrointestinal disturbance phase:
• Painful vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramps
• Lasts 2-5 days
• Complications
• Severe dehydration with hydroelectrolytic deficiency
• Metabolic imbalances
• Hypoglycemia
• Azotemia
• Acido-basal disorders
• Acute circulatory failure
• Collapse
• 🧠Nervous system disorders:
• Headache
• Somnolence
• Prostration
• Mydriasis
• 🍑Liver damage:
• Jaundice, Liver failure
• Third phase of apparent remission
• Phase IV with death in 70% of cases
• 🫁Pulmonary disorders:
• Acute pulmonary edema
• 🥐Kidney disorders:
• Acute renal failure

• Phase 1: Occurs at alcohol levels between 0.4-1.5 g (light drunkenness)
• Euphoric state with increased intellectual functions, apparent cerebral stimulation
• Disinhibition and impulsiveness, decreased self-control and willpower
• Weakening of attention and narrowing of the visual field
• Tachycardia and peripheral vasodilatation with heat sensation
• Phase 2: Occurs at alcohol levels between 1.5-3.0 g (drunkenness)
• Psychosensory disturbances affecting intelligence, conduct, and motricity
• Alteration of intellectual faculties, judgment, attention, and memory
• Incoherent speech, sleepiness, loss of self-control, onset of instincts and passions
• Sensory disorders
• Phase 3: Occurs at alcohol levels from 3.0 g upwards (comatose drunkenness)
• Deep central nervous system depression, comatose state
• Reflex abolition, hypothermia, lowering of vital functions, metabolic acidosis
• Possible complications: collapse, death, or comeback with characteristic disorders
• Aggravating factors: cold, lung complications, cerebral-meninges and pancreatic hemorrhages, asphyxia through airway obstruction

• Gastrointestinal issues (gastritis, hepatitis, cirrhosis)
• Neuropsychiatric problems (polyneuritis, personality disorders, delirium, hallucinations, dementia, alcohol epilepsy, delirium tremens)
• Cardiovascular problems
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Endocrine disorders
• Decreased resistance to infection

• Symptoms:
• Drowsiness
• Behavioral and neuro-vegetative disorders
• Hypotonia
• Abolition of osteotonic reflexes
• Respiratory disturbances
• Morphopathological findings:
• Toxic-degenerative encephalopathy
• Medico-legal implications:
• Increased incidence of suicide, accidents, and murder