Ophthalmology
- Ophthalmology
- 👁️ Eye anatomy & Visual function 🔒
- 🪞 Refractive errors 🔒
- 👓 Disorders of binocular vision 🔒
- 🏐 Pathology of the orbit 🔒
- 🥠 Eyelid pathology
- ☄️ Conjunctiva pathology 🔒
- 💧 Lacrimal pathology 🔒
- 🦏 Cornea pathology 🔒
- 🌈 Uveal pathology 🔒
- 🥚 Lens pathology 🔒
- 🚧 Glaucoma 🔒
- 🕸️ Retinal pathology 🔒
- ⚡ Optic nerve pathology 🔒
- 🕳️ Pupil pathology 🔒
- 🔪 Ocular Trauma 🔒
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👁️ Eye anatomy & Visual function 🔒
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👁️ Anatomy of the eye
- Orbit
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Neuromuscular apparatus
- Eyelids
- Conjunctiva
- Eyeball
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Uvea
- Pupil
- Lens
- Retina
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🖼️ Visual function
- Basics
- Light sensation
- Form sensation
- Color vision
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🪞 Refractive errors 🔒
- Basics
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- Hyperopia
- Myopia
- Astigmatism
- Dynamic refractions
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👓 Disorders of binocular vision 🔒
- Basics
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- Basics
- Paralytical squint
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- Latent squint - Heterophorias
- Concomitant squint - Heterotropias
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🏐 Pathology of the orbit 🔒
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TRY this topic 🏎️
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🥠 Eyelid pathology
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almost always unilateral 📷
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ant. uveitis → give mydriatic eyedrops + NSAID to prevent synnechia development (!closed angle glaucoma)
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- after trauma
- pyogenes or StaphAureus
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inflamm + pus
- pain
- lid edema + erythema
- suppuration of eyelid (localized [i.e. hordelum] or diffuse)
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- systemic : Penicillin
- surgical : incision + drainage
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ac. staphylococcal abscess of zeiss + lash follicle 📷
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- non-pharma: hot compresses + epilation of eyelash
- local AB ointments 3x/day
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= small abcess of Meibomian glands
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- tender
- swelling within the tarsal plate
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- local AB ointment
- surgical
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meibomian cyst a chronic lipogranulomatous inflammatory lesion caused by blockage of gland orifices and stagnation of sebaceous secretions.
increase risk for chalazion for pat with acnea rosacea or seborrheic dermatitis
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onset: painless nodule
- occasionally upper lid chalazion may press on the cornea and cause blurred vision ( induced astigmatism)
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- painless, roundish, firm lesion in the tarsal plate.
- eversion of the lid may show associated polypoid granuloma (if lesion has ruptured through the tarsal conjunctiva.)
- +- associated blepharitis or acnea rosacea.
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- small chalazia may disappear spontaneoulsly,
- persistent lesions ⇒ surgical treatment.
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inflammation lid margin by staph aureus
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- Erythematous → hyperemia
- Seborheic - crusts (hard+brittle) base of eyelash 📷
- Necrotic (rare)→ intrafollicular abcess, scars, necrosis, absence of eyelashes
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inflammation of sourrounding:
- ext. hordeolum
- conjunctivitis
- marginal keratitis 📷
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- topical ABs + steroids
- wash eyelashes with baby shampoo
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lower eylids turned outward 📷
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- asympt
- tearing / irritation
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typically senile
paralytical (VII palsy)
scars (chemical burn)
Types:
1.congenital 2. acquired - involutional (senile)
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surgery
grafts, suturing (tarsorrhaphy for paralytic)
- cicatriceal - chemical burnsurgical (lid grafts) tarsorrhaphy
- paralytic: CN VII palsy
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tarsorrhaphy suturing of the eyelids
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=lid margin is turned inward the globe ulceration of the cornea
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senile
scars→ after conjunctivitis (i.e. clamydial conj)
spastic - only intermittent
Types : 1. congenital 2. acquired
- involutional (senile)
- cicatriceal
- spastic
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Schnippschnapp surgery
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= involuntary closure of the eyelid 📷
unknown etiology
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- incontrolled blinking, twiching or closure of the eyelids
- involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscle
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- botulinum toxin injection in orbiculari muscle
- surgical (excision of the orbicularis muscle of upper lid)
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lid margin is abnormally low (malposition) → insufficient upper eyelid retraction
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- congenital
- senile
- myogenic (myasthenia gravis)
- neurogenic (CN3)
- traumitc
- tumor
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surgery
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☄️ Conjunctiva pathology 🔒
- Catarrhal (simple) conjunctivitis
- Purulent conjunctivitis
- Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis
- Follicular conjunctivitis
- Phlictenular conjunctivitis
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💧 Lacrimal pathology 🔒
- Dacrioadenitis
- Dacriocystitis
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🦏 Cornea pathology 🔒
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- General
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- Corneal ulcer
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- Herpes simplex keratitis
- Zona zoster ophtalmicus
- Interstitial keratitis
- Fungal keratitis
- Exposure keratopathy
- Neurotrophic keratopathy
- Corneal dystrophies
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🌈 Uveal pathology 🔒
- Anterior uveitis
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- Exogenous Choroiditis
- Endogenous Choroiditis
- Sympathetic opthalmitis
- Choroidal malignant melanoma
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🥚 Lens pathology 🔒
- Congenital cataract
- Senile / Presenile cataract
- Complicated cataract
- Pathological cataract
- Traumatic cataract
- Posterior capsular opacification
- Dislocation of the lens
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🚧 Glaucoma 🔒
- Basics
- Primary open angle glaucoma
- Primary closed angle glaucoma
- Congenital + Secondary glaucoma
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🕸️ Retinal pathology 🔒
- Retinal artery occlusion
- Central vein occlusion
- Hypertensive retinopathy
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Retinal dystrophies - Retinitis pigmentosa
- Retinal detachement
- Retinoblastoma
- Age related macular degeneration (ARMD)
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⚡ Optic nerve pathology 🔒
- Optic neuritis
- Ischemic optic neuropathy
- Toxic optic neuropathy
- Papilledema
- Optic nerve atrophy
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🕳️ Pupil pathology 🔒
- Pathology of static pupil
- Pathology of dynamic pupil
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🔪 Ocular Trauma 🔒
- Blunt Injuries
- Penetrating Injuries
- Burns