ENT
👃🏼 Nose 🔒
- Nose Basics
- Rhinitis
- Nasal Polyposis
- Rhinosinusitis
- Tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses
- Nasal Fractures
🧣 Pharynx
- Pharynx basics
Q. Regarding follicular tonsillitis:
a) The inefction is present diffusely. b) The disease is often contagious. c) Streptococcus pyogenes can cause high fever and chills. d) The tonsils are enlarged and erythematous. e) Can be diagnosed via lab technique using swab techniques.
BCDE
STREP THROAT:
TONGUE:
characteristic course:
Exanthema
Starts on 👹 face (SPARES PERIORAL! = Filatov mask)
↓
⇒ spreads rapidly over entire body ⇒ GENERALIZED (measle-like) → TEXTURE: “ 🧽 SANDPAPER” (micropapules) → +- pruritus
↓
3) ⇒ after generalization ⇒ becomes more insense around skin folds: “🍝 PASTIA’S LINES”
↓
4) DESQUAMATION: ❄️ flaking of the face → after 1w: ✋🏼desquamation on hand 📷
Q. Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by:
A. Generalized tender lymphadenopathy B. A unilateral painful tonsillar ulceration C. Leukocytosis D. Positive Paul Bunnell test E. Ampicillin-based antibiotics are used if of bacterial superinfections are present
Fusiform bacilli + spirochaetes
Treponema vincentii, Spirochaeta denticulata, Fusobacterium necrophorum
bacterial overcrowding due to:
- poor oral hygiene (young adults)
- chronic dental/gingiva infection
- immunosuppressed
unilateral pharyngitis !!!
- Pseudomembranous 📷
- slow onset sore troat + fever
- oropharyngoscopy → necrotizing false membrane on one tonsil
- Ulcerative 📷
- ulceration with yellowish exudate
Q. Vincent's Angina evolves in stages. Which of the following statements is correct regarding Vincent's Angina? a) Evolves in 3 stages b) It is often seen in the elderly b) It has a gradual onset c) Fever is present d) Unilateral dysphagia is a symptom
CDE (2 stages, young)
malignancy (+other ulc. anginas)→ take biopsy!
- AB → Penicillin + >Metronidazole
- oral hygiene
- topical disinfectants
F - can be in immunocompromised + non-immunocompr.
infectious mononucleosis
→ but EBV manifest more often as pharyngitis
children
ELISA → Anti-CMV IgM
(or complement fixation test)
children
Vesicular + ulcerative lesions
→ lips
→ tongue
→ gums
(only occasionally oropharyngeal mucosa)
HERPES ZOSTER PHARYNGITIS = unilat painful vesicles
dys/odynophagia
fetid odor
↓general health
Same as vincents angina:
- false membranes
- necrotic ulcer (bleed)
lab
- High dose AB
- steroids
- blood transfusion
like mononucleous +anemia
- signs/symp of anemia
- generalized lymphadenopathy
- spleno/hepatomegaly
- ulcero-necrotic lesions
- leukemic infiltration:
- hypertrophic gingivo-stomatitis
- tonsillar enlargment
classic hema lab for leukemia
AB + steroids
- Inspection: Severe long-standing obstruction can lead to the development of the characteristic "adenoid face," which is characterized by a narrow and pale facial expression, a dumb expression, an open mouth, and sunken eyes.📷
- Palpation: Cervical lymphadenopathies may be observed.
Q. The main symptoms in adenoid hypertrophy are:
A. Nasal obstruction
B. Chronic oral breathing
C. Mucopurulent rhinorrhea
D. Recurrent episodes of epistaxis
E. sensorineural hearing loss
- Tuberculosis
- Syphilis
- Rhinoscleroma
- Leprosy
- Tumors of the pharynx
- Neurological disorders of the pharynx
- Foreign body in the pharynx
🪗 Larynx 🔒
- Larynx basics
- Acute viral laryngitis
- Acute edematous subglottic laryngitis
- Acute epiglottitis
- Diphtheria
- Acute laryngeal edema
- Reinke’s edema (pseudo-myxomatous laryngitis)
- Chronic non-specific laryngitis
- Chronic specific laryngitis
- Systemic diseases
- Vocal cord polyp
- Vocal cord nodules
- Papillomas
- Larynx cancer
- Laryngeal nerve palsy
- Tracheostomy
- Foreign bodies in the larynx
👂🏼 Ear 🔒
- Ear basics
- Othematoma
- Bites
- Perichondritis
- Skin infections
- Tumors
- Localized external otitis (Furuncle)
- Diffuse external otitis (Swimmer’s ear)
- Otomycosis
- Tumors of the EAC
- Foreign body
- Traumatic eardrum perforation
- Hemotympanum
- Bullous myringitis
- Otitis media (OM)
- Otosclerosis
- Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL)
- Presbyacusis (age-related hearing loss)
- Noise-induced hearing loss
- Ototoxicity
- Inner ear infections
- Management of hearing impariment
- Hearing loss in children
- Meniere‘s disease
- Vestibular neuritis
- Benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
- Vestibular schwannoma (Acoustic neurinoma)